Abstract: Developing countries near China’s Belt and Road Initiative have abundant water resources. However, due to limitations in capital and technology, their water resource utilization is relatively low. At the same time, power shortages is a common problem challenging in these countries. China has strong capital and rich experience in hydropower project construction, which can provide efficient solutions for the development of water resources in Belt and Road countries. The Belt and Road Initiative has operated for five years, and hydropower project construction cooperation has become an important new way for all parties to cooperate in energy supply. This study collected all available data using network crawler technology from the Belt and Road network, the Belt and Road energy cooperation network, the official websites of major enterprises, and the Ministry of Commerce database. This information was compiled into a dataset of One Belt and One Road hydropower stations from 2002 to 2019 (Starting construction year), and collected information on 111 hydropower projects, including five types of hydropower stations: large (grade 1), large (grade 2), medium, small (grade 1) and small (grade 2). The contents of the dataset include the name of the hydropower station, the name of the project, the country, the region, the central enterprise group, the secondary unit, the starting year of the construction of China, the termination year of project construction, the type of hydropower station, the installed capacity, the cooperation mode, and the accuracy of the positioning. This data is conducive to providing medium and long-term prospects for the construction of hydropower projects along the “Belt and Road”, which is conducive to providing comprehensive and accurate information for government departments and investors.