Abstract: Developing countries involving in China’s Belt and Road Initiative have abundant water resources, but due to limitations in capital and technology, the water resources are not utilized effectively. At the same time, power shortages is a common challenging problem in these countries. With abundant capital and rich experience in hydropower project construction, China can provide efficient solutions for the development of water resources in Belt and Road countries. The Belt and Road Initiative has been implemented for five years, and the construction cooperation of the hydropower project has become an important new way for all parties to cooperate in energy supply. This study collected all available data using network crawler technology from the Belt and Road network, the Belt and Road energy cooperation network, the official websites of major enterprises, and the Ministry of Commerce database, which were compiled into a dataset of One Belt and One Road hydropower stations from 2002 to 2019 (starting construction year). It also collected information on 110 hydropower projects, including five types of hydropower stations: large (grade 1), large (grade 2), medium, small (grade 1) and small (grade 2). The dataset includes the names of the hydropower stations, the names of the projects, based countries and regions, the central enterprise groups, the secondary units, the starting and completing years of the construction of China, the types of hydropower stations, the installed capacities, the cooperation modes, and the positioning accuracy. This data are conducive to providing medium and long-term prospect prediction for the construction of hydropower projects along the “Belt and Road”, to the benefit of providing comprehensive and accurate information for government departments and investors.